菸品包裝管制國際趨勢與我國菸品包裝規範現況之研析

Abstract

世界衛生組織於2003年通過《世界衛生組織菸草控制框架公約》迄今，菸害問題依然是國際公共衛生治理的焦點。各國政府面臨著菸害的公共衛生挑戰；全球每年約有800萬人死於菸害。菸草流行（tobacco epidemic）不滅的重要原因是菸草產業的抵制；菸品包裝措施也是菸草公司的主要挑戰對象。菸草公司透過國內訴訟、國際爭端解決機制和政策遊說等活動，試圖阻礙各國政府採取嚴格的菸品包裝措施，包含素面包裝措施。澳洲在世界貿易組織與國際投資仲裁關於菸品素面措施案件的勝利，鼓舞全球推進菸品包裝管制政策。菸品包裝措施標準化趨勢也為我國的菸草控制政策指示下一步。在支持將菸品素面包裝措施納入我國法規範之前，本文主要檢視我國既有菸品包裝規範的實際運作，透過比較法分析點出我國與其他國家的立法差異。具體問題為：我國與其他國家在菸品包裝管制規範上的異同？我國司法實務在解釋適用現行法時遭遇哪些困難？未來我國若要納入標準化菸品包裝措施需優先考量的政策方向？本文認為跨學科的視角和比較法研究方法，可促進司法實務對於公共衛生政策的理解，並強化相關案件的審查適當性，故特別透過國際公共衛生治理的視野豐富法律分析，為我國菸害防制政策的未來提供參考基礎。

Since the World Health Organization (WHO) adopted the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (the FCTC convention) in 2003, tobacco control policies have remained a focal point of international public health governance. Governments are still confronted with the threats posed by the tobacco epidemic, which stands as one of the most severe public health challenges. Globally, approximately 8 million people are killed by the tobacco epidemic every year. A significant reason for this is the resistance from the tobacco industry. Tobacco packaging measures are also among the tobacco control measures challenged by tobacco companies. A range of activities, including domestic litigations, international dispute resolution mechanisms, and policy lobbying, are employed by tobacco companies to oppose the adoption of tobacco plain packaging measures in various countries. Australia's victory in a WTO dispute and investor-State dispute arbitration concerning tobacco plain packaging measures significantly propelled worldwide progress in tobacco packaging control policy. The trend of moving towards standardizing tobacco packaging measures sheds light on tobacco control policy in Taiwan. However, before supporting the proposal of incorporating plain packaging measures into Taiwan's Tobacco Hazards Prevention Act, this paper reviews the implementation of existing tobacco control regulations on monitoring tobacco packaging. It also indicates the differences in tobacco packaging control regulations between Taiwan and other countries. Through the case study and comparative jurisprudence analysis, specific issues this paper addresses include: What are the similarities and differences between Taiwan's regulations and those of other countries? What difficulties has Taiwan's judicial system encountered while interpreting and applying the existing regulations on tobacco packaging? And what are the crucial issues to be considered in the future amendment of tobacco packaging regulations in Taiwan? To answer these questions, this article provides perspectives from international public health governance to enrich legal analyses and lay the groundwork for suggesting the next steps for Taiwan's tobacco control policy. The authors believe an interdisciplinary perspective and a comparative study approach can deepen the understanding of public health policy and strengthen the rationale and persuasiveness of judicial review in tobacco packaging disputes.